A house in Pomfret that could have been like Sarah Grosvenor's who died from an abortion. The story is a chapter from my Coat Hangers and Knitting Needles, which tells of abortion before Roe v. Wade. This is a story of one of the first records of a prosecuted abortion during the mid 1700s in Connecticut.
Pomfret,
Connecticut is a post card of a New England town with churches, wooden houses, Robert
Frost-type stonewalls and ivy-covered brick buildings. In autumn, leaves turn
brilliant reds and golds. The 40+ square miles covered by Pomfret lacks a town
center as such. A graveyard, going back centuries, has the thin stone
tombstones typical of Puritan times. Some are askew.
The population, for the last date I could locate in
2014, was about 4,100 people. Selectmen, the New England version of an elected
town counsel with equal voting rights, govern Pomfret.
Probably most residents today, would not guess that in
1745, 34 years after the village was incorporate and took its name from
Lincolnshire, England, was the scene of one of the first reported and
prosecuted abortions in the new world. The University of Connecticut has
published trial documents, which is why the information exists today. http://history.uconn.edu/taking-the-trade-biographies
Life in the early1700s in the British American
colonies for the approximate 300,000 people was difficult. As more people immigrated
and the new settlers reproduced, growth was constant.
Settlers found the classes more equal than the
societies they had left. However, there were still poor whites, indentured
servants or tenant farmers in comparison to those that garnered more prestige
such as ministers, doctors, lawyers and landowners of various degrees of
wealth.
Those living in New England faced a rugged climate and
topography. Religion was strict. There were churches that considered an organ
too liberal and dancing dangerous. These limitations seeped into the general
population influencing daily life. Celebrations did not include the
too-Catholic Christmas.
Farmers represented about 90% of the people living in
the colonies, although fishing, trapping, tobacco, blacksmithing, ship building
etc. were also practiced trades. In Pomfret, because of its land-bound location
and climate, things like commercial fishing, shipbuilding and even tobacco
growing were not viable livelihoods. Much farming was subsistence.
Sarah Grosvenor was born and lived all her life in
Pomfret. By standards of the time, her family was well off. They owned
farmland: her father was one of the first selectmen, an elected village leader,
in 1714.
There is no record of how Mary and Leicester
Grosevenor felt when their daughter Sarah was born in 1723. They already had
one daughter, two-year-old Zerviah. Were the couple
disappointed that she wasn’t a boy? I could find no records of other children
nor of Mary having miscarriages.
We know little of Sarah’s childhood but at 19 she
found herself pregnant by a man eight-years her senior. Were they in love? Did
she seduce him? Did he seduce her? Was it mutual desire? Did they make love
once or many times? Where did they make love?
One of the frustrations with old records, that the
many questions they raise have no answer.
We do know his name was Amasa Sessions and in various
documents found later he has been described as “corpulent,” “capable” and
“honest.”
In July 1742, sister Zerviah noticed Sarah acted
unwell. She suspected that her sister might be pregnant, but when Zerviah asked
repeatedly, Sarah denied it.
The girls’ mother, Mary also was so concerned about
her daughter that she asked a neighbor, Doctor John Hallowell, to look at her. Dr.
Hallowell told the family Sarah was not pregnant.
For reasons that are unclear in existing
documentation, Dr. Hallowell took her to another house, where Amasa Sessions
visited the girl. When she returned home, she confessed she was, indeed,
pregnant.
If Sarah had not been forthcoming with her sister, I
am sure she did not rush to tell her parents that they might be grandparents. Although
there is no record of any conversations, of her parents’ reactions, I can
imagine they were not that different from any parent today. We were told that
her mother called Dr. Hallowell in indicates her suspicions.
Zerviah was upset that her sister had not told her
before, but Sarah had said she’d been “taking the trade” the popular phrase of
the time for using herbs to bring on a woman’s period, a common practice when
an unwanted pregnancy was suspected.
Unlike today, there seems be no societal arguments
about when life begins. Communications took days, weeks, months by letter and
horseback not seconds on the internet.
The mores of the time, considered bringing on a
woman’s late period before the baby quickened with different plants, not an
abortion.
Marriage would not have been an impossible alternative
for Sarah and Amasa: they were of a similar class. Session never denied he was
the father. He was reported to have visited Sarah several times during the
early part of her pregnancy willingly.
Amasa Sessions was the third son of Joanna and
Nathaniel Sessions. The Sessions ran a tavern out of their house and because the
father was involved in village politics, the fortunes of the family must have benefited
from meetings held there, perhaps the way President Trump’s company benefits
from other politicians staying at his Washington, D.C. hotel. That he was not
overjoyed at being a father is a guess based on his conversations with John
Hallowell.
Amasa expressed he was afraid that his parents would
make the young couple’s lives difficult should they marry, but I could find no
explanation of why he thought that.
However, with persuasion, Sarah and Amasa decided to
marry and stop any attempt to get rid of the baby, something Sarah was said to
be ambivalent about. Despite that decision, two weeks passed and no banns were
announced. Zerviah saw Amasa giving Sarah more herbs to “finish” what had been
started. We don’t have any idea of which herbs they were, but they did not
work.
The assumption was abortion was after the baby
quickened, when the mother feels the baby moving sometime around the fourth
month. Until then the loss of a baby was a miscarriage whether it happened
naturally or with help. Missing periods could be corrected by bringing the body
back into balance using various herbs. There is the assumption that Sarah was
in her fourth month when the baby quickened making the removal of the fetus an
abortion not a balancing of her menses. According to her friend Abigail
Nightingale’s testimony at a trial three years later, Sarah had told she had
felt the baby move for about a fortnight when the abortion attempts were begun.
A number of plants (abortifacient), which were
available, were considered effective. Tansy root may or may not have been
introduced to the region at the time. Juniper to create savin, pennyroyal and
seneca snakeroot were among the popular plants “to restore balance” grew in the
region. If a book of abortifacient herbs
was available to women in Colonial times, I have not been able to locate it.
Much feminine medical care was more general knowledge shared by women.
When the pregnancy continued, Dr. Hallowell surgically
removed the fetus, but it took him two attempts over two days. The surgery took
place at Sarah’s 30-year-old cousin’s Hannah’s house. Sarah told her friend
Abigail that Dr. Hallowell put instruments on the bed and tried to remove the
baby.
At one point Sarah fainted. Zerviah brought cold water
into the room to revive her.
Amasa hid out at Mr. Waldo’s the local tavern during
this period.
Sarah went home that night, but did not miscarry for
two days into a chamber pot. The fetus, which appeared damaged, was wrapped in
a cloth and buried near the house.
Within ten days, Sarah sickened most likely from dirty
instruments. This was before the importance of cleanliness was discovered. Her
family called in two other doctors who were unable to save her. She died 14
September 1742 some ten days after the surgery. The court records have
testimony that Dr. Hallowell expressed his feelings that he was responsible for
her death.
Why there was no official court action for three years is not explained. Not until 1 November 1745, two county
magistrates issued calls for Amasa, Hallowell, Hannah and Zerviah. Hallowell’s
depositions were delayed. He was in a debtor’s prison in Connecticut.
The Inferiort Court heard deposition, still existent today.
Hallowell was found guilty of murder. Amasa, Hannah and Zerviah were named
as accessorites to the crime.
It still wasn’t over.
The Superior Court, in September 1746, indicted Amasa and Hallowell, for
destroying Sarah and her unborn child. Although the verdict was issued November
18, a technicality caused the case to be dismissed.
It wasn’t until March 1747 when the king’s attorney tried again. Amasa was
released. Hallowell was sentenced to the gallows and lashed on 20 March 1747.
He disappeared before either part of the sentence could be carried out.
Amasa married, raised ten children supported by his farm. He seems to have
suffered no stigma from his connection with Sarah, served in the militia and
died in 1799.
He and Sarah are buried within 25 feet of one another, ironic that they
were separated in life. His stone attests to his qualities.